This project and blog post were created by University of Vermont public Health bachelor’s degree candidate Sierra Byrne.
According to the Vermont Government Agency of Commerce and Community Development Agency, Vermont attracts up to 5 million tourists each summer, many of whom spend their time swimming in Vermont’s ponds, streams, rivers, and lakes.
It’s the perfect combination – hot temperatures and natural cold-water runoff. What more can people ask for during the summer months?
What many visitors and native Vermonters alike do not realize, however, is that the recreational safety of these waters is increasingly at risk. The culprit? Cyanobacteria – a photosynthetic microbe that can be found in most inland waters that can have major effects on water quality, aquatic ecosystems and human health. The multicellular bacteria can produce toxins and odors into the environment leading to toxic blooms.
The mixture of blue and green algae is found in fresh waters throughout the United States – appearing more so in Vermont. Despite the harm that it can pose to individuals, Cyanobacteria helps keep ecosystems present in water alive. The algae itself can feed aquatic organisms, as stated by the Federation of Lakes and Ponds in Vermont, as oxygen is released through photosynthesis. Removal of Cyanobacteria is impossible according to the Federation, so as tourism begins to peak in the water months, everyone should become aware.
The naturally growing blue and green bacteria will forever find their home in freshwater ecosystems. We ask that visitors and native Vermonters become proactive and understand the risks associated with cyanobacteria.
Some of these health effects that can pose a threat include minor skin rashes, sore throats, diarrhea, stomach, and further serious health problems. To know more about Cyanobacteria and blooms, check out the Center for Disease and Control page of illness and symptoms. If any of these symptoms are present within yourself or someone you know, immediately seek medical attention and report to the state where you were swimming.
The naturally growing bacteria and climate change can lead to a larger bloom due to increased nutrient load and warming temperatures. The temperature rise can cause water stratification; which means water separation as warm water rises to the surface as cold water sinks to the bottom. The separation will cause nutrients that remain at deeper levels to rise, as a result, cyanobacteria can become viable at the surfaces of the water. In addition, heavy precipitation increases the likelihood of a bloom per the Vermont Department of Health.
The Environmental Protection Agency has tracked the temperatures in Vermont, concluding that within the last century, the state has warmed 2 degrees Fahrenheit. As the state begins to experience an early and warmer spring, climate changes can lead to cyanobacteria growth. Some of these factors include: changes in salinity, higher carbon dioxide levels, changes in nutrient loadings, sea level rise and coastal upwelling
Recognizing that Cyanobacteria is a naturally occurring algae can allow individuals to understand its presence in Vermont waters better. To keep Vermonters safe, the Vermont Department of Health tracks cyanobacteria levels. Given how many waterways there are, they can’t track them all, but they do monitor and categorize them into levels: “Generally Safe,” “Low Alert,” or “High Alert.” Tracking upwards of 300,000 acres of freshwater can be relatively difficult; therefore, the state tracks recent cyanobacteria reports at shorelines and recreational areas in Lake Champlain and various inland lakes in Vermont. Cyanobacteria is scattered throughout the state with a higher presence in specific areas than others. All information collected regarding cyanobacteria presence in Vermont can be found through this data tracker: Vermont Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Tracker.
Most importantly, enjoy Vermont and all the state has to offer. On a hot summer day find a natural cold water runoff to swim in. What more can people ask for during the summer months?
Photo Credit: Christian Fischer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
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