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What Is “Wellness” and How Do We Measure It?

Mar 4, 2024 | Education

This blog post was created by Saint Michael’s College Public Health Bachelors Degree candidate Lindsay Skinner.

Public health professionals are interested in more than preventing illness. To be free of illness is surely good, but one can be free of illness and still unwell. To underscore this point, the World Health Organization defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmary.” 

If health is something more than the “the absence of disease,” if it is a “state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being,” how do we define and measure broader conception of wellness or well-being? 

The answer is: it’s complicated. The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines well-being as “the state of being happy, healthy, or prosperous.” That part of our inquiry is straightforward enough, but things get tricky when we come to the measurement part of the equation. There is no consensus on how well-being is measured. Instead, we have different, sometimes overlapping, sometimes competing, frameworks that try to encapsulate this important but amorphous concept. 

Internationally, the most comprehensive framework to try and capture well-being at a community level is the United Nations’ (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The UN’s SDGs framework consists of 17 goals divided into 169 targets and associated indicators. At first pass, the goals may seem broad to a public health practitioner, encompassing topics as diverse as poverty, work and economic growth, and education. But how healthy and well is a population without freedom from poverty and opportunities for education and economic mobility? Though broad, the UN’s SDGs are an expansive and important framework through which to consider well-being indicators at a community level.

Nationally, the United States has an initiative called: Healthy People 2030 to collect data on the nation’s well-being. This initiative has developed 359 core objectives, which measure progress towards a goal over time. Each objective is associated with a target, which is tracked with specific markers such as: improving, getting worse, and target met or exceeded. 

In Vermont, a local iteration of Healthy People 2030 exists, called Healthy Vermonters 2030. Healthy Vermonters 2030 offers a comprehensive list of indicators that the Vermont Public Health Department selected based on availability of data and applicability to state priorities. Each indicator is grouped into one of one of twelve categories”

  1. Children and youth
  2. Pregnant people and infants 
  3. Older adults
  4. Mortality
  5. Environment 
  6. Injury and violence 
  7. Chronic disease
  8. Healthy behaviors and prevention 
  9. Healthcare
  10. Substance use and tobacco 
  11. Mental health and resiliency
  12. Social determinants

Examples of specific individual indicators include:

  • Percent of children who received all recommended vaccines by age 2
  • Percent of people living below the poverty level in the last 12 months 
  • Rate of heat-related emergency department visits per 100,000 people

While not perfectly aligned or harmonized, there is a wealth of wellness data available to help make sense of Vermonters health and how we compare to national and even international norms. 

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